Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition that causes a person to become overly preoccupied with perceived flaws or defects in their appearance. This condition is characterized by the DSM-5-TR as an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder.

To be diagnosed with BDD, a person must meet certain criteria outlined in the DSM-5-TR. These criteria include experiencing distressing and intrusive thoughts about one or more perceived flaws in their appearance, such as the shape or size of their nose, skin blemishes, or body size. These thoughts must be time-consuming, interfering with daily activities or causing significant distress.

Additionally, individuals with BDD often engage in repetitive behaviors, such as checking their appearance in the mirror, grooming excessively, or seeking reassurance from others about their appearance. These behaviors are considered compulsive in nature and are aimed at reducing anxiety and distress related to perceived flaws.

For example, someone with BDD may spend hours each day examining their skin for imperfections, picking at blemishes, or applying makeup or other cosmetics to hide perceived flaws. They may also avoid social situations or activities that could expose their perceived flaws, such as going to the beach or participating in sports.

Compulsive behaviors and avoidance are common among individuals with BDD. Compulsions are actions taken to reduce the risk of experiencing anxiety or distress. For example, a person with BDD may wear clothing that hides certain parts of their body. These behaviors may provide temporary relief from anxiety, but over time they can reinforce negative beliefs about one's appearance and make the symptoms of BDD worse.

Avoidance is another common behavior among individuals with BDD. Avoidance refers to avoiding situations or activities that trigger anxiety or distress related to one's appearance. For example, a person with BDD may avoid social events or refuse to leave the house without makeup or other cosmetic enhancements. Avoidance can further limit one's ability to engage in daily activities and may reinforce negative beliefs about one's appearance.

In summary, BDD is a mental health condition characterized by obsessive and distressing thoughts about perceived flaws in one's appearance. People with BDD often engage in repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety and distress related to their appearance, and may also engage in avoidance to cope with the symptoms of the disorder.